Cardiovascular effects and mechanisms of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors

Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2 inhibitors) are a new type of drug for the treatment of diabetes, and they have been proven to have a good hypoglycemic effect. Several lines of clinical evidence have shown that SGLT2 inhibitors can significantly reduce the risks of atherosclerosis, hospitalization for heart failure, cardiovascular death, and all-cause mortality and delay the progression of chronic kidney disease. Because of the protective effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on the heart and kidney, they are being studied for the treatment of heart failure and chronic kidney disease in patients without diabetes. Therefore, it is necessary for cardiologists, patients with diabetes, and nephrologists to fully understand this type of drug. In this review, we summarize the following three aspects of SGLT2 inhibitors: the recent clinical evidence of their cardiovascular benefits, their mechanisms of action, and their safety.     

临床常见药物导致药疹与人类白细胞抗原基因多态性研究进展

药疹是最常见的药物不良反应,除引起皮肤黏膜损害,还可引起肝、肾、骨髓多系统损害,严重者可导致患者死亡。近年来特定药物导致的药疹与人类白细胞抗原基因(human leukocyte antigen,HLA)基因间的关联性研究取得了重大进展,部分研究成果已用于临床用药前筛查以预测和避免药疹的发生。本文从临床常见药物导致药疹与HLA基因多态性的关系及人种差异、基因筛查的临床价值及经济效益、HLA基因介导药疹的免疫机制几个方面阐述,以期为个性化精准医疗及药物安全评价提供理论参考依据。     

Genotoxicity studies of glycidol fatty acid ester (glycidol linoleate) and glycidol

Glycidol fatty acid esters (GEs) are found in refined edible oils. Safety concerns have been alleged due to the possible release of glycidol (G), an animal carcinogen.     

Exploiting biological activities of brown seaweed Ecklonia cava for potential industrial applications: a review

Seaweeds are rich in vitamins, minerals, dietary fibres, proteins, polysaccharides and various functional polyphenols. Many researchers have focused on brown algae as a potential source of bioactive materials in the past few decades. Ecklonia cava is a brown seaweed that is abundant in the subtidal regions of Jeju Island in the Republic of Korea. This seaweed attracted extensive interest due to its multiple biological activities. E. cava has been identified as a potential producer of wide spectrum of natural substances such as carotenoids, fucoidans and phlorotannins showing different biological activities in vital industrial applications including pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmeceutical and functional food. This review focuses on biological activities of the brown seaweed E. cava based on latest research results, including antioxidant, anticoagulative, antimicrobial, antihuman immunodeficiency virus, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antimutagenic, antitumour and anticancer effects. The facts summarized here may provide novel insights into the functions of E. cava and its derivatives and potentially enable their use as functional ingredients in potential industrial applications.     

基于消除鄱阳湖生态经济区开发过程中环境保护成长上限的管理对策探讨

2009年鄱阳湖生态经济区开发上升为国家战略,鄱阳湖生态经济区的发展成为江西实现中部崛起的重要举措。但值得关注的是,经济区生态系统的保护、环境问题的改善必须放在重要地位,必须认真分析开发过程中遇到的地表及尘土污染防治差额、水资源污染防治差额、执法效能差额、环境管理与监控差额等环境保护的成长上限问题。为此,笔者根据成长上限的消除原理,提出管理对策。     

El impacto de la crisis en la relación entre vivienda y salud. Políticas de buenas prácticas para reducir las desigualdades en salud asociadas con las condiciones de vivienda

Housing conditions can impact on physical and mental health through 4 interrelated dimensions: 1) the home (the emotional housing conditions), 2) the physical housing conditions, and 3) the physical environment, and 4) the social (community) environment of the neighborhood where the house is located. In Spain, the use of the construction market as an engine for economic growth and the promotion of private property as the main type of housing tenure has led to the use of housing as a speculative good instead of its being considered a first-necessity good. While Spain is the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) country with the largest housing stock per inhabitant, this stock is highly underutilized, thus excluding the most deprived sector of the population from access to housing. The impact of the current economic crisis on housing has mainly been due to a reduction in household income, which has increased the number of families or persons struggling to cover their housing costs or being evicted. Evidence indicates that this type of problem has a negative impact on health, especially on mental health, but financial problems also make it difficult to meet other basic needs such as eating. There are several instruments to reduce the impact of the economic crisis, such as debt financing or deed of assignment in payment. In the long-term, the creation of a social housing stock should be promoted, as well as rental assistance mechanisms.     

一清胶囊在肺结核合并革兰阴性菌感染中的成本-效果分析

目的 对内毒素检测阳性的肺结核患者实施不同治疗策略,分析不同策略的成本-效果,为利用一清胶囊治疗革兰阴性菌(G)感染提供理论和经济学依据.方法 120例内毒素检测阳性的肺结核患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组同时接受一清胶囊联合常规的抗菌治疗,对照组仅进行常规的抗菌治疗.分别记录患者的CRP的复常时间、体温复常时间、内毒素转阴时间以及影像的感染情况改善程度进行成本-效果分析.结果 治疗组的CRP复常时间、体温复常时间和内毒素转阴时间均明显短于对照组.两组患者均未观察到空洞闭合,但治疗组47例患者的结核病灶有吸收好转(有效率78.3％)；对照组33例患者的结核病灶有吸收好转(有效率55.0％),两组比较差异有统计学意义(x2=4.97,P＜0.05).成本-效果分析表明对照组疗效较差且治疗成本明显偏高(P=0.013).结论 一清胶囊与常规抗菌治疗之间具有协同作用,能明显缩短病程和住院时间,两者联用成本效果更好,具有重要的经济价值.     

Contingency management is effective across cocaine-dependent outpatients with different socioeconomic status

Contingency management (CM) has demonstrated its efficacy for treating cocaine dependence, but there is still some controversy with regard to its dissemination. Understanding how individual differences affect CM outcomes is important for detecting barriers to its dissemination. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of socioeconomic variables in cocaine-dependent outpatients on the effectiveness of CM in a community setting. Cocaine-dependent outpatients (N = 118) were randomized to community reinforcement approach (CRA) treatment or a CRA plus vouchers program. The impact of baseline economic variables, alone and in combination with treatment conditions, on abstinence and retention outcomes after 6 months of treatment was assessed. Results showed that income had no effect on retention or abstinence outcomes after 6 months of treatment in either treatment condition. The addition of a CM component was beneficial for individuals with any socioeconomic status. These results support the generalizability of CM strategies with patients of different socioeconomic status in community settings.     

Salud sexual y reproductiva,y crisis económica en España. Informe SESPAS 2014

Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) is protected by the public authorities to ensure that people enjoy a free, satisfying, and safe sexual life. Despite the approval of the National Sexual and Reproductive Health Strategy in 2011, the progress achieved may be jeopardized by recent proposals for legislative changes affecting this area (abortion Law and 16/2012 Law) and by the impact of the current economic crisis. This article aims to describe the current situation of sexual and reproductive health in the Spanish population and to identify the potential impact of the economic crisis. To this end, we used the following information sources: the National Sexual Health Survey, the DAPHNE surveys, births and fetal deaths statistics from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics, the Registry of Voluntary Pregnancy Interruptions, reports from the National Epidemiology Center, and the National AIDS Registry. Sexual health and the availability of information are rated as good by the Spanish population. Among young people, schools and health services have become less important as information sources and the internet has become more important. Since the beginning of the crisis, contraceptive use and fertility have declined and maternity has been delayed. The economic crisis seems to have affected some indicators of sexual and reproductive health. However, the potential effects on other indicators should continue to be monitored because insufficient time may have passed for accurate determination of the full effect of the crisis.